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The Russian Federation The Russian Federation The Russian Federation is the largest country in the world. It occupies about one-seventh of the earth's surface. It covers the eastern part of Europ...

Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) Thomas Jefferson one of the American President of the past was born in Virginia in 1743. When he was 14 years old, his father died and th...

My home is my castle My home is my castle. I think, every person always dreams about the place where he can speak about his problems, chat with close friends, where he can feel happy and quiet. F...

Keepihg fit and doing sports Keepihg fit and doing sports . I you want to feel fit you’d better go in for one kind of sport or another. I should admit that everyone must do all he can to be healt...

Shopping Shopping I would like to tell you about shopping in the United Kingdom. Marks once it was all jumpers and knickers. Now it is food, furniture and flowers as well. Top fashion designers a...

My friend My friend Frankly speaking, I have a lot of friends. Most of them are my classmates. They say that I am a good mixer and always have a way with people. But my bosom-friend is Olga. We a...

The UK education system The UK education system. First i'd like to criticize John Major's position about that a good educa tion is not necessarily the key of success in British life.As far as i'm...

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Nothern Ireland. The land and the people. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Nothern Ireland. The land and the people. The UK of Creat Britain and Not...

Hobbies Hobbies Hobbies differ like tastes. If you have chosen a hobby according to your character and taste - you are lucky because your life becomes more interesting. Hobbies are divided into f...

Entertaiment Entertaiment I am fond of good books and good music, and when I have some time to spare, I like to go to the theatre or a concert. There are more than a dozen very good orchestras in...

Micki Mager und seine Tanten Micki Mager und seine Tanten An einem Apriltag 1945 funden die 3 Schwester zwischen den Trmmern einen Sugling und nahmen ihm mit. Nachdem Krieg hielt Tante Betty aus...

About Theodore Dreiser About Theodore Dreiser With the publication of Sister Carrie in 1900, Dreiser became the first American author to step into the 20th century, rejecting the cumbersome Victo...

Our country Our country Geographical outline - Where is Russia situated? - Russia stretches over a vast expanse of eastern Europe and northern Asia. It is the world's largest country. Russia cove...

Sports and healthy lifestyle Sports and healthy lifestyle - What role does sport play in your life? - Although I do not go in for sports, I am fond of such activities that allow me to keep fit at...

Ilya Murometz Ilya Murometz Ilya Murometz is the most famous of the mighty warriors, known as Bogatyrs, of the Russian Bilyny legends. This legendary hero was unable to move during his first 33 y...

Fenist The Bright Falcon Fenist The Bright Falcon Once upon a time there lived a peasant. His wife died and left him three daughters. The old man wanted to hire a servant-girl to help about the h...

The Frog Princess The Frog Princess In days gone by there was a King who had three sons. When his sons came of age the King called them to him and said, My dear lads, I want you to get married so...

The Scarlet Flower The Scarlet Flower Once upon a time in a far away land a merchant was preparing to set out on a long journey. This merchant had three daughters, and he asked all of them what t...

The Golden Hair Girl The Golden Hair Girl Many, many years ago there was a great magician, Poloza, who was known for as keeper of the Ural mountains' treasures. This magician had hundreds of guar...

The Fire Bird The Fire Bird In a far away land a thief was stealing golden apples which had the power of bestowing youth and beauty from Tsar Berendey`s magic Garden. The guards of the Tsar were...

The Golden Fish The Golden Fish Once upon a time, in a land far far away lived a very poor couple in a shack not far from the edge of the sea. Their only means of food was the fish that the old m...

Advantages and disadvantages of television Advantages and disadvantages of television Television is one of the greatest achievements of the 20-th century. It is the most popular part of mass medi...

Sports in Great Britain, the USA and Russia Sports in Great Britain, the USA and Russia The British like sport very much. They are fond of all kinds of sports. Many sports were invented in Great...

What is better watching sports or participating in sports? What is better watching sports or participating in sports? Nowadays sport and recreation have become an important feature in the people'...

The United Kingdom of Great Britain The United Kingdom of Great Britain The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland consists of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. All the...

Outstanding personalities Outstanding personalities Russia gave the world a lot of great writers, artists, musicians, philosophers, sportsmen, and politicians. The names of Russian scientists and...

School years School years Some people think that school years are the happiest in their life. As for me, I cannot say whether it is right or wrong. I am still too young. I am 14 years old, and it...

Problems of the youth Problems of the youth Youth is a very important period in the life of man. This is the time when a person discovers the world and tries to determine the place in the univers...

Russia's achievements Russia's achievements Russia is proud of its achievements in satellite technology and investigation of outerspace. On October 4, 1957, the world's first artificial satellite...

Russia Russia Tourism provides one of the possibilities to know more about other countries. Now people travel much more than they ever used to. Many people travel in their own country and million...

THE Growing Influence of English Mass Culture The Growing Influence of English Mass Culture This article considers the influence of English mass culture on Estonia. How these issues affect Estoni...

Tsar Saltan Tsar Saltan Once upon a time in a far away land Tsar Saltan sat listening to the future plans of three sisters. One of these sisters said that she wanted to give birth to a great warr...

Travelling Travelling - Do you like to travel? - Yes, I do. Besides, I want to say that I can not imagine my life without travelling. Modern means of communication make the world a small place. N...

Culture of the youth Culture of the youth - What is implied under culture? - Culture is known to have many meanings. One of them refers to the spiritual and material achievements of humanity. On...

Education and future profession Education and future profession - What are you going to do after finishing secondary school? - After finishing secondary school I shall go on to further education....

Andrei Sakharov Andrei Sakharov (1921-89) There are many outstanding people in our country. Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov is one of them. He was born on the 21st of May in 1921. His parents were te...

Russian political system, history and culture Russian political system, history and culture - When was the Russian Federation set up? - The Russian Federation was set up by the Constitution of 19...

Which languages are the hardest to learn? Which languages are the hardest to learn? It depends on whether we're talking about a first or second language. Children acquire their native language ef...

Snowmaiden Snowmaiden (first version) Once upon a time, in a land far, far away, a peasant woman looked out the window of her cottage to watch the village children play in the snow. She did this...

Reading books Reading books Literature is the greatest human property. It is generally known that Russian literature is one of the most voluminous in the world. A. Pushkin, I. Turgenev, I. Goncha...

20-th century music styles 20-th century music styles The 20-th century is by all means considered to be the most influential period of time in the development of music. In the 20-th century ther...

Keeping fit Keeping fit The fitness boom of the past decades led to a big rise in the numbers of people participating in sports and activities. Those who pursue the latest fitness fashion are con...

Leisure time Leisure time It is not easy to say exactly what teenagers in different countries do in their leisure time. I think that, in the main our interests and tastes do not differ very much....

A new weapon shooting from behind a corner is invented in Israel A new weapon shooting from behind a corner is invented in Israel A new pistol from which it is possible to shoot in literal sense...

A holyday which went wrong A holyday which went wrong Сергей Голубев ]Couple of weeks ago I decided that I really need a vacation. So I thought that a nice beach and hot sun is exactly what I nee...

There is Nothing LikeVisiting Narva There is Nothing LikeVisiting Narva Подготовил Сергей Голубев Last month I went to Narva with excursion. And I like it very much. The town is located in Northe...

What type of toys do the kids prefer nowadays? What type of toys do the kids prefer nowadays? (The survey was conducted by consumer magazine) Подготовил Сергей Голубев The survey was carried on t...

Review of Bill Gates’s book ”Business @ the Speed of Thought” Review of Bill Gates’s book ”Business @ the Speed of Thought” “Business is going to change more in the next ten years than it has in...

Talking about Estonia Talking about Estonia (As American) Подготовил Сергей Голубев Comparing Estonia to American cities it amazes with small-sized towns. Obviously the biggest difference is the...

Estonian Towns Estonian Towns Narva The city of Narva is located in Northeastern Estonia, on the border between Estonia and Russia, 210 km from Tallinn and 150 km from St. Petersburg. Every town...

Les freres Montgolfier Les freres Montgolfier La petite ville d’Annonay, dans le midi de la France, est celebre pour son industrie du papier. Au XVIII-e siecle, une des plus grandes papeteries ap...

Mademoiselle Chanel Mademoiselle Chanel Apres 40 ans de regne sur la mode, Gabrielle Chanel, plus connue sous le nom de Coco Chanel s’est eteinte a Paris le 10 janvier 1970, a l’age de 87 ans. Ne...

Haushaltsberatungen Haushaltsberatungen Budgetrecht, d. h. Kontrolle der Finanzen, ist eines der ltesten Rechte des Parlaments, das eine weitgehende Kontrolle der Regierung erlaubt. Den ersten En...

New Zealand New Zealand What is the name of the country which has volcanoes and rivers of ice, deer and sea-elephants? It is New Zealand, called the Land of the Long White Cloud by the Maoris. Ne...

London - the capital of Great Britain London - the capital of Great Britain When we think of Paris, Rome. Madrid, Lisbon and other European capitals, we think of them as cities'. When we think of...

The Kremlin The Kremlin The Kremlin is the symbol of first Russian and later Soviet power and authority. Its crenellated red brick walls and 20 towers were built at the end of the 15th century, w...

Der Bundesrat Der Bundesrat Im Bundesrat werden die Lnder durch die Mitglieder ihrer Regierungen (Ministerprsidenten, Minister, Senatoren) vertreten. Jedes Land kann so viele Vertreter in den Bun...

“Rain Man” - Movie Review “Rain Man” - Movie Review “Rain Man” was directed by Barry Levinson in 1988. This is an excellent human drama, showing the talents of great actors starring. The main cha...

National Sports of Great Britain National Sports of Great Britain Many kinds of sport originated from England. The English have a proverb, All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. They do not...

The British Educational System The British Educational System State Education in Britain. All state schools in Britain are free, and schools provide their pupils with books and equipment for thei...

Traveling Traveling Millions of people all over the world spend their holidays traveling. They travel to see other continents, modern cities and the ruins of ancient towns, they travel to enjoy P...

The 20th century art The 20th century a rt It has been calculated that there are more artists practising today than were alive in the whole Renaissance, all three centuries of it. But we are no l...

Sport in our life Sport in our life Millions of people all over the world are fond of sports and games. Sport helps people to stay in good shape, helps to support health and prevents from illness...

At the Doctors At the Doctors It is winter now. It is often cold. I can't say that I can stand colds. So, sometime ago I suddenly fell ill. I mounted a high temperature. I had a running nose and...

Lomonosov Lomonosov Mike Lomonosov is the father of the Russian sciences and outstanding poet the founder of Russian literature. M.L. was born in 1711 in Arhangelsk province. He liked to spend hi...

Pets in Britain Pets in Britain The English people like animals very much. Pet: dogs, cats, horses, ducks, canaries, chickens and other friends of men have a much better life in Britain, than any...

At the Theatre At the Theatre I will never forget my first visit to the Bolshoy Theatre. It was ages ago, but this stands out in my memory quiet vividly. My mother bought beforehand two tickets f...

United States of America United States of America The USA is composed of 50 states. It occupies the central part of North American continent. It borders on Canada in the north and on Mexico in th...

American and British Schools American and British Schools In America, all children from six to sixteen go to school. They spend six years in elementary school, and four or six years in secondary...

The Ecological Crisis: A Myth or Reality The Ecological Crisis: A Myth or Reality At the present time the Earth accommodates more then 5 billion people. Half of which are undernourished. A total...

Cities of the USA Cities of the USA Amounts large and famous American cities are Chicago, Boston, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, San Francisco and New York. Washington is the capital of the USA. It i...

Holidays in Great Britain Holidays in Great Britain There are some holidays in G.B. They are Christmas day, Boxing Day, new years day, Easter, mayday, spring bank holiday and simmer bank holiday....

My School-Day My School-Day On Monday I usually wake up late and have no time to eat my breakfast. I can't find my books and my school cap. At last I find my books in the bathroom and find my cap...

Kuwait Kuwait The middle Eastern nation of Kuwait is the second most prosperous country in the world. It i sthe area's third-largest producer of oil, surpassed only by Saudi Arabia and Iran. Kuwa...

My favourite TV program My favourite TV program The most popular entertainment in our home life is television. We have a choice between five channels ORT, RTR and 3 commercial channels. There is...

Happy New Year Happy New Year At midnight on 31st December bells will ring out around the world to welcome the New Year. Although certain countries and religions calculate time by other calendars...

Television and advertisement Television and advertisement Many people have forgotten what the world was like before TV. But today it has become an integral part of our lives. No medium can compar...

US Congress US Congress The United States of America is a federal republic consisting of 50 states. Each of which has its own government (state government). In some ways the United States is like...

Turner, Joseph Mallord William Turner, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Mallord William (1775-1851). One of the finest landscape artists was J.M.W. Turner, whose work was exhibited when he was...

Washington, DC Washington, DC The city of Washington, the capital of the United States of America is located in the District of Columbia (DC for short) Many people consider Washington DC to be on...

New Year's day in England New Year's day in England The celebration of New Year's day varies according to the district. In the south of England, the festival of Christmas, lasting 12 days from De...

Environmental problems Environmental problems The poisoning of the world's land, air, and water is the fastest-spreading disease of civilization. It probably produces fewer headlines than wars, e...

The Weather and Climate Fluctuations The Weather and Climate Fluctuations 'Funny weather we are having' is a statement of the obvious we have used for generations as a greeting. When the deep col...

Holidays, Travel and Tourism Holidays, Travel and Tourism For most people there is no problem in deciding how they are going to spend the money they earn - it all goes on housing, food, clothes,...

Christmas Christmas The word Christmas is derived from the words Christ's Mass - the celebration of the birth of Jesus Christ. But although Christmas is undoubtedly a Christian celebration, it is...

Business Trips Business Trips Never before in the history of the world have businessmen traveled so much as they do today. It is not surprising because we are living in a world of growing interna...

The Hermitage Gallery The Hermitage Gallery I'd like to tell you about the Hermitage Gallery, one of the largest and well known museums in the world. Two months ago together with my classmates I...

Books and Reading Books and Reading Books can fit almost every need, temper, or interest. Books can be read when you are in the mood; they don't have to be taken in periodic doses. Books are more...

Entertainment Entertainment I am fond of good books and good music, and when I have some time to spare, I like to go to the theatre or a concert. There are more than a dozen very good orchestras...

Some facts about London Some facts about London London has been home of many famous Englishmen. Some were born there. Some lived there all their lives. Others lived in London only for a short tim...

The Book I've Just Read The Book I've Just Read William Somerset Maugham's short stories are most fascinating. Not long ago I read one of his short stories, it is the story about a man who is ver...

Vegetation and wildlife Vegetation and wildlife Britain was originally a land of vast forests. mainly oak and beech in the Lowlands and pine and birch In the Highlands, with great stretches of ma...

The British Parliament The British Parliament The British Parliament is the oldest in the world. It originated in th 12th century as Witenagemot, the body of wise councilors whom the King needed...

Climate of Great Britain Climate of Great Britain The climate in Great Britain is generally mild and temperate due to the influence of the Gulf Stream. The south-western winds carry the warmth an...

My daily programme My daily programme 3 topics I get up at 7 o'clock in the morning. I do my morning exercises, wash myself and dress. Then I sit down to breakfast. At 8 o'clock I leave home and...

Rostov-on-Don Rostov-on-Don My native city is Rostov-on-Don. It is the capital of the Don area. It was founded in 1749. It is situated on the right bank of the river Don. In the past Rostov was a...

My school-2 My school -2 First of all I'd like to tell you about my school which I've just left. My school is one of the specialized schools in Moscow. It is famous for its high-quality education...

English traditions English traditions If you arrive in Great Britain you'll hear the word “tradition” everywhere. Englishmen have sentimental love for things and traditions. They never throw away...

British and American Families British and American Families British and American families are small. In fact the populations of both Britain and the USA have stopped growing. The typical family h...

The lesson of English The lesson of English As you know, our group has two English lesson a week: on Tuesday and Friday. When the teacher come and opens the door, we come in and sit down at the t...

William Blake William Blake William Blake, English poet, painter and printer, was born on November 28, 1757. You may have read his poems - about the lamb, the tiger, or his sad song about the poo...

My family My family Our family is large (small, not very large). We are the family of seven (two, three, four, five, six): my mother, my father, my grandmother, my grandfather, my sister, my brot...

The commonwealth of Australia The commonwealth of Australia The Commonwealth of Australia is a federal state within the Commonwealth of Nations. Its territories are the continent of Australia, th...

Moscow News Moscow News Moscow News is a national weekly newspaper. The first issue of it came out in October 5. 1930. Its circulation is about 50,000 copies. The newspaper is printed both in Rus...

My last day off My last day off Yesterday it was Sunday, that’s why my last day off was not long ago and I remember it quite well. I always try to do my best to make my holidays really exciting,...

English schools English schools English children must go to school when they are five. First they go to infant schools, where they learn the first steps in reading, writing and using numbers. Whe...

What will be there in my new flat What will be there in my new flat Every young man wants to live independently. And I’m not an exception. Of course, the time will come, when I will alone in my f...

The British Press The British Press The British press consists of several kinds of newspapers. The national papers are the ones sold all over the country, with a large circulation, giving general...

English country-side English country-side England looks like one great well-ordered park. The hedges surrounding the gardens look beautiful in spring. In summer when they are covered with leaves...

Eyck, Jan van: portraits Eyck, Jan van: portraits This title has traditionally been given to this painting because it was thought to be a form of ``wedding certificate'' for Giovanni Arnolfini an...

Art, museums and galleries Art, museums and galleries People reflect their life in art. Real, live art appeals to the heart and mind of man, to his feelings and ideals and it proclaims life. Art...

Eyck, Jan van: altarpiece in Ghent Eyck, Jan van: altarpiece in Ghent It was not a sculptor who carried out the final conquest of reality in the North. For the artist whose revolutionary discover...

My future profession My future profession There are a lot of interesting and useful professions. I am going to become a teacher. I suppose my future profession to be one of the most important now...

Television Television Television is the most popular leisure pastime in Russia. Several television channels are in operation: Ostankino. Russian Channel, Independent TV Channel - NTV. Besides the...

Titian Titian Titian (Tiziano Vecellio) (c. 1485-1576). The greatest painter of the Venetian school. The evidence for his birthdate is contradictory, but he was certainly very old when he died. H...

Eyck, Jan van Eyck, Jan van Eyck, Jan van (b. before 1395, Maaseik, Bishopric of Lige, Holy Roman Empire [now in Belgium]--d. before July 9, 1441, Bruges), Flemish painter who perfected the newly...

Fantin-Latour, Henri Fantin-Latour, Henri Fantin-Latour, Henri (1836-1904). French painter and lithographer. He is best known for his luxurious flower pieces, but he also painted several group po...

Means of communication Means of communication People use various means of communication to get from one place to another. In the old days people had to travel several days, weeks and months to ge...

Meals and cooking Meals and cooking When we cook, we boil, roast, fry or stew our food. We boil eggs, meat, chicken, fish, milk, water and vegetables. We fry eggs, fish and vegetables. We stew fi...

Fauvism between 1901 and 1906 Fauvism between 1901 and 1906 Between 1901 and 1906, several comprehensive exhibitions were held in Paris, making the work of Vincent van Gogh, Paul Gauguin, and Pau...

Olympic games in London Olympic games in London London was host for the first time in 1908. With 1,500 competitors from 19 nations, the Games were by now an institution of world-wide significance...

Fauvism Fauvism C'est Donatello dans la cage aux fauves! -- Louis Vauxcelles, Salon d'Automne, 1905. C'est donc sous la conduite de Matisse, et aussi sous l'influence de Van Gogh que les futurs f...

Fragonard, Jean-Honor Fragonard, Jean-Honor Fragonard, Jean-Honor (1732-1806). French painter whose scenes of frivolity and gallantry are among the most complete embodiments of the Rococo spirit....

Summer holidays Summer holidays All the people enjoy summer holidays very much. It is a great pleasure to have a rest after a whole year of hard work or study. People like to travel during their...

A visit to a sick friend A visit to a sick friend Everybody can fall ill with any disease. Fortunately, only cold and flu are quite frequent in our city among infectious illnesses. They are rathe...

Friedrich, Caspar David Friedrich, Caspar David The German romantic painter Caspar David Friedrich, b. Sept. 5, 1774, d. May 7, 1840, was one of the greatest exponents in European art of the symb...

Education in GB Education in GB I know English boys and girls begin to go to school (it is called infant) at five; at seven they go to junior schools or departments; at eleven they go to secondar...

London London London — the capital of Great Britain is situated on the Thames River. It is the largest city in Europe with a population of eight and a quarter million. It is divided into four par...

Gris, Juan Gris, Juan Juan Gris was the Third Musketeer of Cubism, and actually pushed Cubism further to its logical conclusion until his ultimely death in 1927 at the age of 39. His pictures are...

Gros, Antoine-Jean Gros, Antoine-Jean Gros, Antoine-Jean (1771-1835). French painter. He trained with his father, a miniaturist and then with Jacques-Louis David.Although he revered David and bec...

Grunewald, Matthias Gr u newald, Matthias Matthias Grunewald, c.1475-1528, whose real name was Mathis Gothart, called Nithart or Neithardt, was a major figure in a generation of great northern Ge...

Guillaumin, Jean-Baptiste Armand Guillaumin, Jean-Baptiste Armand Guillaumin, (Jean-Baptiste-) Armand (b. Feb. 16, 1841, Paris, Fr.--d. June 26, 1927, Paris), French landscape painter and engrave...

Hals, Frans Hals, Frans He was born in Antwerp, the son of Flemish parents who moved to Holland after the city fell to the Spaniards in 1585. His parents had settled in Haarlem by 1591 and he spe...

Heian Art Heian Art In 794 the capital of Japan was officially transferred to Heiankyo (present-day Kyoto), where it remained until 1868. The term Heian period refers to the years between 794 and...

Hiroshige, Ando Hiroshige, Ando Hiroshige (1797-1858), Japanese painter and printmaker, known especially for his landscape prints. The last great figure of the Ukiyo-e, or popular, school of prin...

Holbein, Hans the Younger Holbein, Hans the Younger Hans Holbein the Elder (1465?-1524). Born in Augsburg, Bavaria, the elder Holbein, like his brother Sigmund, painted richly colored religious w...

Impressionism Impressionism The impressionist style of painting is characterized chiefly by concentration on the general impression produced by a scene or object and the use of unmixed primary co...

Ingres, Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Jean-Auguste-Dominique (1780-1867). French painter, born at Montauban, the son of a minor painter and sculptor, Jean-Marie-Jo...

Jongkind, Johan Barthold Jongkind, Johan Barthold Jongkind, Johan Barthold (b. June 3, 1819, Lattrop, Neth.--d. Feb. 9, 1891, Cte-Saint-Andr, Fr.), painter and printmaker whose small, informal la...

Japanese Art and Architecture Japanese Art and Architecture Japanese Art and Architecture, works of art produced in Japan from the beginnings of human habitation there, sometime in the 10th mille...

Legros, Alphonse Legros, Alphonse (b. May 8, 1837, Dijon, Fr.--d. Dec. 8, 1911, Watford, Hertfordshire, Eng.) French-born British painter, etcher, and sculptor, now remembered chiefly for his gra...

Kandinsky, Wassily Kandinsky, Wassily Black is like the silence of the body after death, the close of life. -- Wassily Kandinsky, 1911 Kandinsky, Wassily, Russian in full VASILY VASILYEVICH KANDI...

Kamakura Art Kamakura Art In 1180 a civil war broke out between two military clans, the Taira and the Minamoto; five years later the Minamoto emerged victorious and established a de facto seat of...

Klee, Paul Klee, Paul A Swiss-born painter and graphic artist whose personal, often gently humorous works are replete with allusions to dreams, music, and poetry, Paul Klee, b. Dec. 18, 1879, d....

La Joconde. Leonardo da Vinci La Joconde. Leonardo da Vinci Portrait of Mona Lisa (1479-1528), also known as La Gioconda, the wife of Francesco del Giocondo; 1503-06 (150 Kb); Oil on wood, 77 x 5...

Momoyama Art Momoyama Art In the Momoyama period (1573-1603), a succession of military leaders, such as Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa Ieyasu, attempted to bring peace and politic...

Modigliani, Amedeo Modigliani, Amedeo During the early 1900s in Paris, the Italian painter and sculptor Amedeo Modigliani, b. July 12, 1884, d. Jan. 24, 1920, developed a unique style. Today his...

Monet, Claude Monet, Claude Monet, Claude (b. Nov. 14, 1840, Paris, Fr.--d. Dec. 5, 1926, Giverny) French painter, initiator, leader, and unswerving advocate of the Impressionist style. He is reg...

Morisot, Berthe Morisot, Berthe Morisot, Berthe (b. Jan. 14, 1841, Bourges, Fr.--d. March 2, 1895, Paris) French painter and printmaker. The first woman to join the circle of the French impressio...

Moreau, Gustave Moreau, Gustave Moreau, Gustave (1826-1898). French painter, one of the leading Symbolist artists. He was a pupil of Chassйriau and was influenced by his master's exotic Romantici...

Munch, Edvard Munch, Edvard (b. Dec. 12, 1863, Lten, Nor.--d. Jan. 23, 1944, Ekely, near Oslo) Norwegian painter and printmaker whose intense, evocative treatment of psychological and emotional t...

Murillo, Bartolom Esteban Murillo, Bartolom Esteban Murillo, Bartolome (1617-82). An artist whose many religious paintings emphasized the peaceful, joyous aspects of spiritual life, Bartolome Mur...

Muromachi Art Muromachi Art During the Muromachi period (1338-1573), also called the Ashikaga period, a profound change took place in Japanese culture. The Ashikaga military clan took control of...

Pollock, Jackson: Action painting Pollock, Jackson: Action painting Pollock was the first ``all-over'' painter, pouring paint rather than using brushes and a palette, and abandoning all conventio...

Pollock, Jackson Pollock, Jackson On the floor I am more at ease, I feel nearer, more a part of the painting, since this way I can walk around in it, work from the four sides and be literally `in...

Pop Art Pop Art It is a moot point as to whether the most extraordinary innovation of 20th-century art was Cubism or Pop Art. Both arose from a rebellion against an accepted style: the Cubists th...

Pure Abstraction Pure Abstraction Shapes and colors have always had their own emotional force: the designs on ancient bowls, textiles, and furnishings are abstract, as are whole pages of medieval...

Realism Realism In the arts, the accurate, detailed, unembellished depiction of nature or of contemporary life. Realism rejects imaginative idealization in favour of a close observation of outwar...

Tissot, James Tissot, James Tissot, James (1836-1902). French painter and graphic artist. Early in his career he painted historical costume pieces, but in about 1864 he turned with great success...

Rembrandt Rembrandt Rembrandt HARMENSZOON VAN RIJN (b. July 15, 1606, Leiden, Neth.--d. Oct. 4, 1669, Amsterdam), Dutch painter, draftsman, and etcher of the 17th century, a giant in the history...

Renoir, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Pierre-Auguste (b. Feb. 25, 1841, Limoges, France--d. Dec. 3, 1919, Cagnes) French painter originally associated with the Impressionist movement. His early works we...

Raphael Raphael Italian in full RAFFAELLO SANZIO (b. April 6, 1483, Urbino, Duchy of Urbino [Italy]--d. April 6, 1520, Rome, Papal States [Italy]), master painter and architect of the Italian Hig...

Velazquez (or Velasquez), Diego Velazquez (or Velasquez), Diego Velazquez (or Velasquez), Diego (1599-1660). Spain's greatest painter was also one of the supreme artists of all time. A master of...

Romanticism Romanticism Artistic and intellectual movement that originated in the late 18th century and stressed strong emotion, imagination, freedom from classical correctness in art forms, and...

Rossetti, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Dante Gabriel The poet, painter, and designer Dante Gabriel Rossetti, b. Gabriel Charles Dante Rossetti, May 12, 1828, d. Apr. 9, 1882, was a cofounder of the PR...

Rousseau, Henri Rousseau, Henri Rousseau, Henri, known as Le Douanier Rousseau (1844-1910). French painter, the most celebrated of nave artists. His nickname refers to the job he held with the Pa...

Sargent, John Singer Sargent, John Singer (1856-1925) An expatriate American, he showed remarkable technical precocity as a painter. After studying with Carolus-Duran, he achieved a great reputat...

Signac, Paul Signac, Paul One of the principal neoimpressionist painters, Paul Signac, b. Nov. 11, 1863, d. Aug. 15, 1935, worked with Georges Seurat in creating pointillism (or divisionism). Sig...

Seurat, Georges Seurat, Georges (b. Dec. 2, 1859, Paris--d. March 29, 1891, Paris) Painter, founder of the 19th-century French school of Neo-Impressionism whose technique for portraying the play...

Surrealism Surrealism A 20th-century literary and artistic movement that attempts to express the workings of the subconscious by fantastic imagery and incongruous juxtaposition of subject matter....

Sisley, Alfred Sisley, Alfred Sisley, Alfred (b. Oct. 30, 1839, Paris, Fr.--d. Jan. 29, 1899, Moret-sur-Loing), painter who was one of the creators of French Impressionism. Sisley was born in Par...

Veronese, Paolo Veronese, Paolo Veronese, Paolo (Paolo Caliari) (1528-88). Italian painter, born at Verona (from which his nickname derives), but active in Venice from about 1553 and considered a...

Towards Abstraction Towards Abstraction In 1911, a new group of German artists began exhibiting their work to the public. Der Blaue Reiter was to become the high point of German Expressionism, bu...

The Italian Renaissance (1420-1600) The Italian Renaissance (1420-1600) In the arts and sciences as well as society and government, Italy was the major catalyst for progress during the Renaissanc...

Tintoretto Tintoretto Tintoretto (Jacopo Robusti) (1518-94). Venetian painter. His nickname derives from his father's profession of dyer (tintore). Although he was prolific and with Veronese the...

Vermeer, Jan Vermeer, Jan Jan or Johannes Vermeer van Delft, b. October 1632, d. December 1675, a Dutch genre painter who lived and worked in Delft, created some of the most exquisite paintings i...

Музеи и галереи искусств /english/ Museums and Art Galleries In Britain. About 100 million people a year, across all social groups, attend some 2000 museums and galleries open to the public, whic...

Книги /english/ Books The world of books is enormous. Reading plays an important role in my life. I read both for pleasure and for information. There are books which have been our great favorites...

Национальные стереотипы /english/ Nationality Stereotypes A stereotype is a fixed set of ideas that is generally held about the characteristics of a particular type of person which are wrongly be...

Татарстан /english/ Tatarstan (Kazan) I want to tell you about Tatarstan, one of the biggest republics of Russia. It is located in the Eastern part of Europe at the junction of the Volga and Kama...

La France est un pays a la fois agricole et industriel. La France est un pays a la fois agricole et industriel. L`agriculture occupe une place importante dans l`economie francaise. Les deux prins...

Futurism Futurism Futurism, Italian Futurismo, Russian Futurism, an early 20th-century artistic movement that centred in Italy and emphasized the dynamism, speed, energy, and power of the machine...

Gainsborough, Thomas Gainsborough, Thomas Gainsborough, Thomas (1727-88). English painter of portraits, landscapes, and fancy pictures, one of the most individual geniuses in British art. He was...

Fuseli, Henry Fuseli, Henry Fuseli, Henry (Johann Heinrich Fssli) (1741-1825). Swiss-born painter, draughtsman, and writer on art, active mainly in England, where he was one of the outstanding fi...

Gauguin, (Eugne-Henri-) Paul Gauguin, (Eugne-Henri-) Paul Gauguin, (Eugne-Henri-) Paul (b. June 7, 1848, Paris, Fr.--d. May 8, 1903, Atuona, Hiva Oa, Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia), one of...

Ghirlandaio, Domenico Ghirlandaio, Domenico Ghirlandaio, Domenico (1449-94). Florentine painter. He trained with Baldovinetti and possibly with Verrocchio. His style was solid, prosaic, and rathe...

Giotto di Bondone Giotto di Bondone Giotto di Bondone (c. 1267 - 1337). Florentine painter and architect. Outstanding as a painter, sculptor, and architect, Giotto was recognized as the first gen...

Amis ou leurs parents amis ou leurs parents. Permi les fetes nationales la plus ainnee est la fete du 14 Juillet (quatorze).Ce jour-la,en 1789(mille sept quatre-vingts-neuf) a lieu la prise de la...

New Year New Year New Year is the principal winter holiday, as opposed to Christmas. It is universally recognized as such by both secular and religious people. Whereas New Year is mostly an occas...

Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo da Vinci The first object of the painter is to make a flat plane appear as a body in relief and projecting from that plane. -- Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo DA VINCI (b. 1...

Marc, Franz Marc, Franz Franz Marc was born on February 8, 1880, in Munich, Germany. He studied at the Munich Art Academy and traveled to Paris several times where he saw the work of Gauguin, Van...

Malevich, Kasimir: Suprematist Compositions Malevich, Kasimir: Suprematist Compositions Kasimir Malevich's art and his Suprematist manifesto are amongst the most vital artistic developments of th...

Malevich, Kasimir Malevich, Kasimir Malevich, Kasimir (1878-1935). Russian painter and designer, with Mondrian the most important pioneer of geometric abstract art. Born near Kiev; trained at Kie...

Matisse, Henri (biographie en fransais) Matisse, Henri (biographie en fransais) La carriere d'Henri Matisse se laisse diviser en trois periodes: de ses debuts а la Premiere Guerre Mondiale, de la...

Michelangelo Michelangelo In full MICHELANGELO DI LODOVICO BUONARROTI SIMONI (b. March 6, 1475, Caprese, Republic of Florence [Italy]--d. Feb. 18, 1564, Rome), Italian Renaissance sculptor, paint...

Matisse, Henri (Emile-Benoоt) Matisse, Henri ( E mile-Benoоt) Instinct must be thwarted just as one prunes the branches of a tree so that it will grow better. -- Henri Matisse Matisse, Henri (-Йm...

Millet, Jean-Fransois Millet, Jean-Fransois (1814-75) The son of a small peasant farmer of Grйville in Normandy, Millet showed a precocious interest in drawing, and arrived in Paris in 1838 to be...

Einfuhrung german Einfuhrung . Die neuen Wege, die in das kommende Zeitalter fuhren, werden in der Gegenwart bereitet. Niemand wei?, ob alles genau so sein wird, wie wir es uns heute vorstellen....

English - topics English - topics Moscow The history of Moscow began in 1147, and since then Moscow has always had a leading position in the life of the whole country. It is the political, cultur...

Английский /11 класс/ Английский /11 класс/ GREAT BRITAIN. The official name of this country is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It is divided into four parts: England, S...

Топики по английскому языку /English/ Топики по английскому языку My Day Off. Most people in our contry work five days a week but students and pupils work six days. They have only one day off. It...

6 топиков по иностранному языку /english/ Would you work if you didn’t need the money? If not, what would you do? Well, I’m not sure about this. Maybe yes, and maybe no. But, most likely, no. I t...

7 топиков по иностранному языку /english/ The Commonwealth of Australia The Commonwealth of Australia is a self-government federal state. It has six states: new south Wales, Victoria, Queens land...

4 топика по иностранному языку /english/ CLIMATE AND NATURE OF GREAT BRITAIN CLIMATE The climate in Great Britain is generally mild and temperate due to the influence of the Gulf Stream. The sout...

Новая Зеландия /english/ NEW ZEALAND What is the name of the country which has volcanoes and rivers of ice, deer and sea-elephants? It is New Zealand, called the Land of the Long White Cloud by t...

2 топика по иностранному языку /english/ The British Press The British press consists of several kinds of newspapers. The national papers are the ones sold all over the country, with a large circ...

5 топиков по иностранному языку /english/ Moscow (1) Moscow is the capital of Russia. The city is located in western Russia and lies in the broad, shallow valley of the Moskva River, a tributary...

Топик по иностранному языку /english/ British and American Families British and American families are small. In fact the populations of both Britain and the USA have stopped growing. The typical...

3 биографии выдающихся людей на иностранном языке /english/ Interesting Personality William Blake William Blake, English poet, painter and printer, was born on November 28, 1757. You may have rea...

2 топика по английскому языку english MEALS AND COOKING When we cook, we boil, roast, fry or stew our food. We boil eggs, meat, chicken, fish, milk, water and vegetables. We fry eggs, fish and ve...

Топики и вопросы по иностранному языку english POSTAL SERVICES There are post-offices in every town and nearly every village in the country. If you want to post an ordinary letter or a postcard,...

3 сочинения по иностранному языку english My little sister I've got a sister. Her name is Kate. She's three.She has got many toys: four balls - red, green, blue and yellow; three puppies - black,...

4 Топика по иностранному языку english RUSSIAN COUNTRY-LIFE Russia has always been a great agricultural country. Russian agriculture produces almost all the farm crops known in the world. The tot...

3 Топика по иностранному языку english Native Americans Native Americans came from Asia. Over 20 000 years ago they traveled across the land between Siberia and Alaska. When English colonists cam...

2 Топика по иностранному языку english Thanksgiving Day There is one day a year when all Americans stay home with their families and eat a big dinner. This is Thanksgiving Day. The pilgrims celeb...

Топик по иностранному языку english Why do we learn the English language Some time ago some newspaper reporter called the modem Earth a world village. It really means that year by year the earth...

Вестминстер english Westminster The political centre of London is Westminster. It is the part of London where there are a lot of offices. If you go down Whitehall from Trafalgar Square on the rig...

Organizing the corporation ORGANIZING THE CORPORATION A.FORMALITIES IN ORGANIZING CORPORATION . 1.CERTIFICATE OR ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION --state law governs the content of the articles, which a...

Characteristics of a corporation CHARACTERISTICS OF A CORPORATION A.PRINCIPAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A CORPORATION a)Entity Status--a corporation is a legal entity created under the authority of legi...

Winning a Fortune english Winning a Fortune Almost all of us have fantasized about winning a big prize. We dream about what we would do with the money, but we don’t think what the money would do...

Disregard of corporate entity DISREGARD OF CORPORATE ENTITY 1.PIERCING THE CORPORATE VEIL --(Suits by corporate creditors against shs)--it’s more common in contract claims than in tort claims. Th...

Liabilities for transactions before incorporation LIABILITIES FOR TRANSACTIONS BEFORE INCORPORATION A.PROMOTERS--a promoter participates in the formation of the corp, usually arranging compliance...

Directors’ rights, duties, and liabilities DIRECTORS’ RIGHTS, DUTIES, AND LIABILITIES a)Right to Inspect Corporate Records--if done in good faith for purposes germane to his position as dir, this...

Allocation of powers between directors and shareholders ALLOCATION OF POWERS BETWEEN DIRECTORS AND SHAREHOLDERS 1.MANAGEMENT OF CORPORATION’S BUSINESS --corporate statutes vest the power to manag...

Conflicts of interest in corporate transactions CONFLICTS OF INTEREST IN CORPORATE TRANSACTIONS 1.DUTY OF LOYALTY --because of their fiduciary relationship with the corp, officers and dirs have t...

Ireland and the Continent Ireland and the Continent At first glance, Ireland, as an offshore island off an offshore island on the edge of the Atlantic Ocean, remote, romantic and untrodden by the...

KOREA People and History in Harmony KOREA People and History in Harmony Introduction In the past two decades, Korea has been one of the fastest developing nations in the world - both in economic...

Hobby (Travelling) Hobby (Travelling) People on our planet can’t live without travel now. Tourism has become a highly developed business. There are express trains, cars and jet-air liners all of...

The economy of KOREA - Looking Ahead to the 21st Century THE ECONOMY OF KOREA - Looking Ahead to the 21st Century In the last quarter century, Korea’s economic growth has been among the fastest i...

Reform toward a new KOREA REFORM TOWARD A NEW KOREA The Basic Goals and Reform Process of the Kim Young Sam Administration What are the vision and goals of the Administration of Kim Young Sam, in...

Business letters throught lexics BUSINESS LETTERS THROUGHT LEXICS From the lexicological point of view isolated words and phrases mean very little. In context they mean a great deal, and in the s...

The National Emblem of the Republic of Kazakhstan The National Emblem of the Republic of Kazakhstan The Russian word gerb for «emblem» comes from the German word Erbe (legacy) and Polish herb (em...

Top 20 computer systems in the World Top 20 computer systems in the World From soldering irons to SparcStations, from MITS to Macintosh, personal computers have evolved from do-it-yourself kits f...

TV in my life TV in my life TV is very important thing in our life. We can say that TV is our eyes because TV helps us to know more about the world, about the others counties, about the events th...

Business trip Business trip Employees of different countries usually go on business trips. Any firm chooses only best export for it. Companies can arrange such trips both in and outside the count...

The US Educational System The US Educational System The US educational system is very decentralized and schools vary greatly from state to state. There are three levels of subsidizing of educatio...

Theatre Theatre There are more than 13 theatres in our city. They show dramas, tragedies, and comedies. To tell you the truth I’m a great theatre lover. I try to see the most interesting performa...

Youth problems : job, drugs Youth problems : job, drugs When you leave school you understand that the time of your independence life and the beginning of a far more serious examination of your ab...

Earth and Moon Earth and Moon Earth The third planet from the sun is, in scientific terms, quite similar to the first two. In fact, the four planets of the inner solar system (Mercury , Venus , E...

Our heroes are remembered Our heroes are remembered Romanova Marina 11-B Kiev-2005 Almost 60 years ago our Motherland was burning and shaked from the blows of tanks, powerful weapons, etc. 4 year...

Sun Sun The big burning ball of gas that holds nine major planets in orbit is not unlike many stars in the universe. The Sun makes up 99.86 percent of the solar system's mass and provides the ene...

The Problems of Teen-Ages The Problems of Teen-Ages People of almost every age are susceptible to this pernitious disease but it hits the youth the hardest. It's name is unemployment. The persent...

Pluto Pluto Pluto, which is only about two-thirds the size of our moon, is a cold, dark and frozen place. Relatively little is known about this tiny planet with the strange orbit. Its composition...

Jupiter Jupiter The fifth planet from the sun is a huge ball of gas so massive it could hold all the other planets put together. What we can see of the planet are bands of the highest clouds in a...

Saturn Saturn Much like its neighbor Jupiter, the sixth planet from the sun has a rocky core and a gaseous surface. But Saturn is chiefly known for its intricate series of rings that encircle it....

Asteroids Asteroids Quick quiz: How many planets orbit our Sun? If you said nine, you're shy by several thousand. Scientists consider asteroids to be minor planets - some are hundreds of miles wi...

Uranus and Neptune Uranus and Neptune Uranus The seventh planet from the sun is much like its gaseous neighbors, with a cloudy surface, rapid winds, and a small rocky core. Uranus: personificatio...

Comets Comets Made of dust, ice, carbon dioxide, ammonia and methane, comets resemble dirty snowballs. You may remember them as blurry smudges in the sky. Comets orbit the Sun, but most are belie...

Fables Fables The Ant and the Chrysalis An Ant nimbly running about in the sunshine in search of food came across a Chrysalis that was very near its time of change. The Chrysalis moved its tail,...

Problems At School Problems At School The survey Carried out by: A. Luik D. Grunichev S. Golubev The survey was carried out on the 4th of December in Secondary School of Humanities; among 11 stud...

Trade in Estonia in the Past and Present Trade in Estonia in the Past and Present Сергей Голубев Introduction In this report, the commerce in Estonia is going to be described in different periods...

My Room My Room Сергей Голубев In our family apartment I have my own room. It is quite spacious and made in a modern style. The atmosphere is pretty relaxing; because these are calming green tone...

Are young people today slaves to fashion? Are young people today slaves to fashion? Сергей Голубев What do we call fashion? Something that is popular at some period of time. For sure everyone wan...

My Childhood Memories M y Childhood Memories Сергей Голубев Childhood is really a wonderful time. As for me, it is always a pleasure to retrospect, being transferred to that marvellous time of li...

Idaho Idaho FULL NAME: State of Idaho POSTAL ABBREVIATION ID INHABITANT :Idahoan ADMITTED TO THE UNION :July 3, 1890. Rank: 43rd CAPITAL CITY Boise, the largest city in the state, located on the...

Scotland Scotland Scotland is one of four part of the GB. In area Scotland is more than half as big as England. The principal cities of the country are : its capital Edinburgh and the main indust...

Cassatt, Mary Cassatt, Mary Cassatt, Mary (b. May 22, 1844, Allegheny City, Pa., U.S.--d. June 14, 1926, Chteau de Beaufresne, near Paris, Fr.), American painter and printmaker who exhibited with...

Meanness Laws' Effect on Jerome's Characters Meanness Laws' Effect on Jerome's Characters. If anything can do wrong, it will! If Jay or Harris or George dwelled on their motto it would sound like...

Computers Computers When Charles Babbage, a professor of Mathematics at Cambridge university, invented the first calculating machine in 1812 he couldn’t imagine the situation we find ourselves in...

Educational System in Great Britain Educational System in Great Britain The educational system of G.B. is extremely complex and bewildering. It is very difficult to generalize about particular ty...

Art galleries of London Art galleries of London Speaking about art galleries of London we should first of all mention The national gallery, The national portrait gallery and The state gallery. I...

Education in Russia Education in Russia An educated person is one who knows a lot about many things. I think it is very important that everyone should be educated. Each pupils ought to do his bes...

Learning languages Learning languages The problem of learning languages is very important today. Foreign languages are socially demanded especially at the present time when the progress in scienc...

Sport in a pub Sport in a pub There are many public houses in London and elsewhere, where beer, wine and spirits may be bought and drunk at certain times of the day. These are suitable width=100%...

USA Holidays USA Holidays Holiday is a day set apart for religious observance or for the commemoration of some extraordinary event or distinguished person, or for some other public occasion. Nati...

The Renaissance. Thomas More The Renaissance. Thomas More The Renaissance or the revival of learning was the period then European culture was at it’s high. It lasted from the 14’th century till 1...

English language English language Concerns to West-German group Indo-European of languages. In English speak and use in state office-work, literature and science, about 200 millions the person -...

British theatres British theatres Until recently the history of the English theatre has been build around actors rather then companies. It has been hard to find any London theatre that even had a...

Presents in Russia and America Presents in Russia and America Presents in Russia are generally a thing intended to be shrouded in mystery and surprise. In America, it is not uncommon to simply re...

Moscow Theatres Moscow Theatres For decades Moscow has had a reputation as a city of theatres. The birth plays of the historic Bolshoy, Maly and Moscow Art theatres the city has been and steel is...

Usa. Howard h. Aiken and the computer USA. HOWARD H.AIKEN AND THE COMPUTER Howard Aiken’s contributions to the development of the computer -notably the Harvard MarkI (IBM ASSC) machine, and its s...

MESM MESM MESM was conceived by S.A.Lebedev to be a model of a Big Electronic Computing Machine (BESM). At first it was called the Model of the Big Electronic Computing Machine, but ,later, in th...

The development of computers in ukraine and the former USSR The development of computers in ukraine and the former USSR The government and the authorities had paid serious attention to the develo...

The main fault of The 70s or the years of “might-have-been hopes” T he main fault of The 70s or the years of “might-have-been hopes” The great accumulated experience in creating computers, the pr...

Newspaper Newspaper Kudrukla 13-1 Narva-Jesuu 29022 Ida-Virumaa, Estonia...

Advertisement Kudrukla 13-1 Narva-Jesuu 29022 Ida-Virumaa, Estonia...

Leisure time of British teenagers Leisure time of British teenagers. The majority of teenagers in Great Britain spend their free time as everywhere in the world. The average young person spends a...

Good Teacher Good Teacher All the people are needed, all the people are important. Any school can’t manage without a good teacher. It is a prestige and a reputation of an educational institution....

Famous people Famous people. Andrei Sakharov, an outstanding scientist and public figure, was born on the 21st of May 1921. He graduated from Moscow University in 1942. In 1947 he defended his th...

My favorite video film My Favorite Video Film. My favorite video film is Titanic. It tells the story of the famous ship, Titanic, which sank in 1912. TheTitanicwas a colossal ship even by modern...

My favorite newspapers My Favorite Newspapers. Newspapers and magazines play a great and very important role in the life of a modern man. The newspapers I read are the most readable and have a la...

Space exploration Space Exploration. For thousands of years man dreamed of flying to the stars. At the beginning of the century the great Russian scientist Tsiolkovsky predicted that mankind will...

Spare time Spare time. Every day I go to school. I get up early, do homework, and have piano lessons twice a week. But on weekends I like to do something different. I like to relax. I watch TV or...

Sport in my life Sport in my life. Watching sport events and going in for sports are 2 different things. When you listen to the radio you can always hear sport news. When you open a newspaper you...

The English language The English Language. Knowledge of the foreign language is becoming more important nowadays. There are many reasons why we study English. Now, in a period when we are reconst...

Books and libraries Books and libraries. I usually take books from school library. The library is helpful when I have to make a report, when I need information on some subjects. The choice of boo...

Altdorfer, Albrecht Altdorfer, Albrecht Altdorfer, Albrecht (b. c.1480, Regensburg, d. 1538, Regensburg). German painter, engraver, architect and graphic artist working in Regensburg, of which to...

Bosch, Hieronymus Bosch, Hieronymus The master of the monstrous... the discoverer of the unconscious. -- Carl Gustav Jung, on Hieronymus Bosch Hieronymus, or Jerome, Bosch, b. c.1450, d. August 1...

Abstract Expressionism Abstract Expressionism However great a disaster World War II was, it did at least mean that artists such as Piet Mondrian and Max Ernst, in leaving Europe for the safety of...

Art of the Edo Period Art of the Edo Period The Tokugawa shogunate of the Edo period gained undisputed control of the government in 1603 with a commitment to bring peace and economic and politica...

Asuka and Nara Art Asuka and Nara Art During the Asuka and Nara periods, so named because the seat of Japanese government was located in the Asuka Valley from 552 to 710 and in the city of Nara u...

Baburen, Dirck van Baburen, Dirck van Baburen, Dirck van (b. c. 1595, Utrecht; d. 1624, Utrecht). Dutch painter of religious works, history pieces and genre scenes, a leading member of the Utrech...

Baroque Baroque Baroque period, era in the history of the Western arts roughly coinciding with the 17th century. Its earliest manifestations, which occurred in Italy, date from the latter decades...

Artistic Emigres Artistic Emigres As the center of artistic interest, Paris attracted many foreign painters in the early 20th century, and within a few years of each other three Jewish migrs, Cha...

Bellini, Giovanni Bellini, Giovanni Bellini, Giovanni (1430?-1516). The founder of the Venetian school of painting, Giovanni Bellini raised Venice to a center of Renaissance art that rivaled Flor...

Bosch, Hieronymus: The Temptation of St Anthony Bosch, Hieronymus: The Temptation of St Anthony c. 1500; Oil on panel, tryptych describing the ordeals of St Anthony; Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga...

Czanne, Paul: Czanne early work Czanne, Paul: Czanne early work Paul Czanne (1839-1906) is certainly as great an artist as any that ever lived, up there with Titian, Michelangelo, and Rembrandt....

Botticelli, Sandro Botticelli, Sandro Original name ALESSANDRO DI MARIANO FILIPEPI (b. 1445, Florence [Italy]--d. May 17, 1510, Florence), Florentine early Renaissance painter whose Birth of Venu...

Czanne, Paul: From Impressionism to Classicism and Cubism Czanne, Paul: From Impressionism to Classicism and Cubism Czanne is not an easy man to love, but professors and painters adore him. Art c...

Boucher, Franois Boucher, Franois Boucher, Franois (1703-1770), French painter, noted for his pastoral and mythological scenes, whose work embodies the frivolity and sensuousness of the rococo st...

Czanne, Paul Czanne, Paul (b. Jan. 19, 1839, Aix-en-Provence, Fr.--d. Oct. 22, 1906, Aix-en-Provence) French painter, one of the greatest of the Postimpressionists, whose works and ideas were inf...

Chardin, Jean-Baptiste-Simon Chardin, Jean-Baptiste-Simon Chardin, Jean-Baptiste-Simon (1699-1779). French painter, one of the greatest of the 18th century, whose genre and still life subjects do...

Brown, Ford Madox Brown, Ford Madox Brown, Ford Madox (1821-93). English painter. He was born at Calais and trained at Antwerp (under Wappers), in Paris, and at Rome, where he came into contact w...

Classicism Classicism Aesthetic attitudes and principles based on the culture, art and literature of ancient Greece and Rome, and characterized by emphasis on form, simplicity, proportion, and re...

Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri de (1864-1901). Many immortal painters lived and worked in Paris during the late 19th century. They included Degas, C...

Bruegel, Pieter the Elder Bruegel, Pieter the Elder Pieter Bruegel (about 1525-69), usually known as Pieter Bruegel the Elder to distinguish him from his elder son, was the first in a family of F...

Bassano (family da Ponte) Bassano (family da Ponte) Jacopo Bassano Bassano, Jacopo (Jacopo da Ponte) (b. c.1510-18, Bassano del Grappa; d. 1592, Bassano). Italian painter, the most celebrated mem...

Blake, William Blake, William Blake, William (b. Nov. 28, 1757, London--d. Aug. 12, 1827, London) English poet, painter, engraver; one of the earliest and greatest figures of Romanticism. The mos...

Burne-Jones, Sir Edward Coley Burne-Jones, Sir Edward Coley Burne-Jones, Sir Edward Coley, professional name of EDWARD COLEY JONES (1833-1898), English painter, designer, and illustrator, born in...

Constable, John Constable, John Constable, John (1776-1837). English painter, ranked with Turner as one of the greatest British landscape artists. Although he showed an early talent for art and b...

Corot, Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, Jean-Baptiste-Camille (1796-1875). French painter. At the age of 26 he abandoned a commercial career for art, and from the first s...

Caillebotte, Gustave Caillebotte, Gustave Gustave Caillebotte, b. Aug. 19, 1848, d. Feb. 21, 1894, was a French painter and a generous patron of the impressionists, whose own works, until recentl...

Carracci Carracci Carracci. Family of Bolognese painters, the brothers Agostino (1557-1602) and Annibale (1560-1609) and their cousin Ludovico (1555-1619), who were prominent figures at the end o...

Copley, John Singleton Copley, John Singleton Copley, John Singleton (b. July 3, 1738, Boston [Mass., U.S.]--d. Sept. 9, 1815, London, Eng.) Generally considered the finest painter of colonial Am...

Caravaggio, Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio (1573-1610). Probably the most revolutionary artist of his time, the Italian painter Caravaggio abandoned the rule...

Cubism Cubism An early 20th-century school of painting and sculpture in which the subject matter is portrayed by geometric forms without realistic detail, stressing abstract form at the expense o...

Dada Dada A western Europe artistic and literary movement (1916-23) that sought the discovery of authentic reality through the abolition of traditional culture and aesthetic forms. Pour introduir...

Degas, (Hilaire-Germain-) Edgar Degas, (Hilaire-Germain-) Edgar Degas, (Hilaire-Germain-) Edgar (b. July 19, 1834, Paris, Fr.--d. Sept. 27, 1917, Paris) French artist, acknowledged as the master...

Dor, Gustave Dor, Gustave Dor, Gustave (1832-83). The most popular and successful French book illustrator of the mid 19th century. Dor became very widely known for his illustrations to such books...

Delacroix, Eugne Delacroix, Eugne Delacroix, Eugne, in full FERDINAND- VICTOR-EUGENE DELACROIX (b. April 26, 1798, Charenton-Saint-Maurice, Fr.--d. Aug. 13, 1863, Paris), the greatest French Roma...

Courbet, Gustave Courbet, Gustave Courbet, Gustave (1819-77). The painter Courbet started and dominated the French movement toward realism. Art critics and the public were accustomed to pretty pi...

Drer, Albrecht Drer, Albrecht I hold that the perfection of form and beauty is contained in the sum of all men. -- Drer, Four Books on Human Proportions, 1528 Drer, Albrecht (b. May 21, 1471, Imp...

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Dyck, Sir Anthony van Dyck, Sir Anthony van Dyck, Sir Anthony van (1599-1641). Apart from Rubens, the greatest Flemish painter of the 17th century. In 1609 he began his apprenticeship with Hendri...

Elsheimer, Adam Elsheimer, Adam Elsheimer, Adam (1578-1610). German painter, etcher, and draughtsman, active mainly in Italy. Although he died young and his output was small he played a key role...

Eakins, Thomas Eakins, Thomas Eakins, Thomas (1844-1916). American painter. Eakins is regarded by most critics as the outstanding American painter of the 19th century and by many as the greatest...

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