Другое : Russia's achievements
Russia's achievements
Russia's
achievements
Russia is proud of its achievements
in satellite technology and investigation of outerspace. On October 4, 1957,
the world's first artificial satellite was launched in our country. With
"Sputnik-1" a great deal of programmes of space exploration were
implemented. Over the next few years a number of unmanned spaceships of various
kinds, ranging from meteorological and communications satellites to lunar
probes were launched.
On April 12, 1961, the Soviet Union
launched "Vostok-1". For the first time in the history of mankind a
manned spacecraft was launched into outerspace. It carried Yury Gagarin in a
single orbit around the Earth. German Titov piloted "Vostok-2"
spacecraft. It was launched on August 6, 1961, on the first manned spaceflight
of more than a single orbit. Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman to travel
into space, was launched on June 16, 1963 in "Vostok-6", which
completed 48 orbits in 71 hours. In space at the same time was Valery Bykovsky,
who had been launched two days earlier in "Vostok-5"; both of them
landed on June 19.
"Vostok" flights had
demonstrated that man could function while weightless in space. The
"Vostok" spacecraft enabled the preparation of new, more complicated
flights. Taking over the traditions of the single-sitter "Vostok",
multi-sitter "Voskhod" and "Soyuz" spacecraft began to
circle around the orbits of the Earth. "Voskhod-2", a two-piloted
spacecraft was constructed in such a way that the cosmonaut could leave the
ship during flight. On March 18, 1965, Aleksey Leonov left the spacecraft
through an airlock to become the first man to float free in space.
Developed for the Earth-orbital
space station programme "Soyuz" aircraft were equipped for extended
missions of scientific experimentation while in the Earth orbit of up to 30
days duration. There were 40 manned and unmanned "Soyuz" spaceships
which were launched between 1967 and 1981. It should be stressed that 30
"Soyuz" flights involved its docking with an orbiting
"Salyut" space station. The first record for the longest manned
mission in spaceflight history was set in 1981 by the crew of
"Soyuz-35". It remained on board "Salyut-6" for 185 days.
Other notable "Soyuz" flights include "Apollo-Soyuz" Test
Project, the first joint space venture undertaken by the United States and the
Soviet Union. During this mission, conducted in July 1975, a three-man U.S.
"Apollo" spacecraft met and docked with the two-man
"Soyuz-19" craft. The crews performed joint experiments for two days.
The joint "Apollo-Soyuz" mission achieved all its major objectives.
"Salyut-1", launched April
19, 1971, was the world's first space station. In 1986 the Soviet Union
launched a more advanced type of space station "Mir". This station -
a large, permanent, multimanned orbiting complex - was designed to accommodate
various modules for crew living quarters and research facilities. On March 13,
1986, cosmonauts Leonid Kizim and Vladimir Solovyev were sent aboard a
"Soyuz" spacecraft to dock with "Mir" and become its first
occupants. They spent 53 days adjusting equipment and bringing the complex into
workable order. Other cosmonauts later visited the station. In 1987 Yury
Romanenko set a new endurance record of 326 days in space. The previous record
237 days, was set in 1984 by a Soviet crew in "Salyut-7" space
station. In the 1970s and 1980s our scientists concentrated their efforts on
numerous experiments into outerspace which involved the cosmonauts' repeated
docking. Various "Salyut" orbiting laboratories were equipped for
extended missions of scientific experimentation. On board "Salyut"
stations our cosmonauts conducted scientific research and made valuable
observations of the solar system.
- How long did it take Yury
Alekseyevich Gagarin to orbit the Earth?
- It took Yury Alekseyevich Gagarin
1 hour 29 minutes to orbit the Earth.
- How was the first cosmonaut
awarded?
- Yury Gagarin's spaceflight brought
him world-wide fame. The first cosmonaut was awarded the Order of Lenin and
given the titles of Hero of the Soviet Union and Pilot Cosmonaut of the Soviet
Union. Monuments were raised to him and streets were renamed in his honour
across the Soviet Union.
- What do you know about the first
cosmonaut?
- In 1951 Yury Gagarin, the son of a
carpenter, finished as a moulder a trade school near Moscow. He continued his
studies at the industrial college at Saratov. At the same time he took a course
in flying. When Gagarin finished this course he entered the Soviet Air Force
cadet school at Orenburg. He finished it in 1957. Yury Gagarin never went into
space again. He participated in training other cosmonauts. Yury Gagarin visited
several countries following his historic flight. From 1962 he served as a
deputy to the Supreme Soviet.
- What do you know about the second
Soviet cosmonaut?
- German Titov, the second Soviet
cosmonaut, was accepted in 1953 for aviation cadet training. In 1957 he
graduated from the Stalingrad Flying Academy as a jet fighter pilot. In 1960
Titov entered cosmonaut training. During this course he received the Order of
Lenin for an engineering proposal. The "Vostok-2" flight lasted 25
hours 18 minutes. Titov was given a code name "Eagle." His radio
signal, "I am Eagle!" was spoken with excitement and impressed people
all over the world. After his flight Titov became a Hero of the Soviet Union.
In 1962 he became a deputy of the Supreme Soviet. He held the position until
1970. In 1968 Titov graduated from the Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy.
He became a major general in 1975. In subsequent years Titov was an assistant
to the chief editor of the Journal "Aviation and Cosmonautics".
- When did the USA launch the first
satellite?
- The first U.S. satellite
"Explorer-1" was launched on January 31, 1958, about four months
after "Sputnik-1".
- How many satellites were launched
by our country and the United States?
- For forty years both nations
successfully launched more than 5,000 satellites and space probes of all
varieties for conducting scientific research, communications, meteorological,
photographic reconnaissance, and navigation satellites, lunar and planetary
probes, and manned space flights.
- When did the USA launch its first
manned spacecraft?
- On May 5, 1961, the United States
launched its first manned spacecraft, a "Mercury" capsule in which
astronaut Alan Shepard, Jr., made a 15 minute suborbital flight.
- When were men landed on the
surface of the Moon?
- On July 20, 1969, the United
States landed men on the surface of the Moon.
- Who was the first to step on the
Moon?
- On July 16, 1969, Armstrong, with
Edwin Aldrin and Michael Collins, blasted off in the "Apollo-11"
vehicle toward the Moon. Four days later, the "Eagle" lunar landing
module, guided manually by Armstrong, touched down on a plain near the
southwestern edge of the Sea of Tranquillity. On July 20, 1969, Armstrong
stepped from the "Eagle" onto the Moon's dusty surface with the
words, "That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for
mankind." Armstrong and Aldrin left the module for more than two hours and
deployed scientific instruments, collected surface samples, and took numerous
photographs. On July 21, after 21 hours and 36 minutes on the Moon, they lifted
off to rendezvous with Collins and begin the voyage back to the Earth. The
astronauts splashed down in the Pacific on July 24. They visited 21 nations.
- How many lunar landings were made
by the USA?
- The USA made five more lunar
landings on subsequent "Apollo" flights. During the lunar landings
astronauts explored the surface of the Moon, collected rock and soil samples,
and performed a variety of scientific experiments. The last lunar landing was
made in December 1972.
- What has the USA devoted its
attention to since the mid- 1970s?
- Since the mid-1970s, the United
States has devoted its attention to developing the space shuttle, a reusable
space vehicle that lifts off like a rocket and lands like an ordinary
aeroplane. The shuttle craft have been used to deploy and repair satellites in
the Earth orbit.
- When did the United States launch
the first reusable manned vehicle?
- On April 12, 1981 the United
States launched the first reusable manned vehicle. It was the 20th anniversary
of manned space flight.
- What can you say about planetary
studies carried out by the U.S. and Soviet scientists?
- Although the United States and the
Soviet Union made manned flight a major goal in their space programmes, during
the 1960s and '70s, the scientists of both countries undertook ambitious
planetary studies with unmanned deep-space probes. The most significant
missions were the "Viking" landings on the Mars; the
"Voyager" flybys of the Jupiter, the Saturn, and the Uranus. The
Soviet Union did not land men on the Moon. It launched a series of robot lunar
probes ("Luna" and "Zond") that returned important data and
soil samples. "Luna-16", for example, made a soft-landing on the Moon
in September 1970, obtained a core sample of soil, and returned it to the Earth
in a sealed capsule.
- What do people want to gain by
exploring outer space?
- The flight into outerspace allows
man to penetrate into new spheres of unpredictable discoveries. Scientists are
interested in space exploration because today physics, chemistry, biology,
astronomy need new data, which can not be found on the Earth. Moreover, Space
Age has given mankind a chance to find thinking creatures in other Galaxies. It
is believed that there are more than 100 million civilisations throughout the
world. It is known far and wide that since early times the human beings have
been interested in the study of the Universe. Their hopes have been connected
with the discovery of intellectual creatures on the planets of other galaxies.
The idea of other worlds existing in the Universe cost Giordano Bruno his life.
Now all the beliefs may become true, and living beings may be found in the
distant worlds of other solar systems.
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