Другое : Nikolaev and Yakutia (Николаев и Якутия)
Nikolaev and Yakutia (Николаев и Якутия)
Ministry of Education RS
(Yakutia)
The Yakut state university
name M.K. Ammosova
Physicotechnical institute
Power faculty
REFERAT
On a theme: NIKOLAEV
AND YAKUTIA
Has executed:
students of group ЭО-01
Vasil’ev M., Archaxov F., Mixailov A.
Has checked up:
Zaxarova E.V.
Yakutsk 2002.
THE CONTENTS
1. History
……………………………………………….…………………………………… 4
2. A few
words about richness ………………………………………………. 5
3. Sovereignity
…………………………………………………………………………… 6
4. Economic
relations ………………………………………………………………... 8
5. Mikhail
Nikolaev …………………………………………………………………... 10
6. The
conclusion ………………………………………………………………………. 11
The used literature
…………………………………………………………………… 14
Yakutia is a well-known place in
the world since ancient time. But Republic of Yakutia has received its own flag
and stamp only recently, with receiving of true sovereignity. In opinion of
majority of Republic citizens, both of state symbols most conciseness express
historical destiny of Yakutia native people, their present day, their future
and nature of the north country.
Present
sovereign Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) is an exporter and importer of goods
production. But first of all a few words about history.
HISTORY
Beginning
from the 17th century, with coming of Cossackslandwalders to the
Lena river, the “Lena area”, as they called Yakutia, attracted attention of
Russian tzars, and their close surrounding. Of course, attention of Russian
authorities to Yakutia was called by political and economical matters in
difference of attention of scientists, travellers, men of letters.
Union
of new lands, need in famous Yakutian fur, which was carrying off abroad, to
European and Asian countries, filling up the state treasure, were necessary.
Economic potention of Yakutia especially in the 20th century, grew
exceedingly, although it continued to serve as pantry of natural richnesses
only.
A FEW WORDS ABOUT RICHNESS
Before
this time richness of sakha people was cattle and its products, such as meat,
milk and butter. Besides of this, it was nature: sakha, evenks, evens, jukagirs
and local Russians, they were rigorous and silent, and nourished to nature the
most tender feeling, used its gifts in necessary degree to live in these
austere conditions. Furs were used only for practice. But in other hand, with
sewing of clothes esthetical feeling of the people was manifested, they
decorated their clothes with patterns, beads, other fur.
In
the first half of the 17th century fairies appeared on the
northeast, and beginning in June 25,1768 a decree of Senate on instituting of
official fairies in Irkutsk, Yakutsk, Udinsk was adopted, Astonishing fact was
the quantity of merchants of second and third guilde, in Yakutsk in 1823 they
were 43, in Olyekminsk they were 10, in Vilyuisk – 8.
That’s
why in the end of the 19th century Yakutian merchants traded on huge
area not only in the area of north-east, they had exited to Japan, China, and
other countries. In the 20th century famous merchant families
gathered put together, such as Averenskie, Astrafhantsevy, Molotcovy,
Nikiforovy, and many others.
SOVEREIGNITY
Today,
when the Republic of Sakha stands enough firmly on the base of sovereignity, it
has possibility to trade itself with different states. The Republic is
establishing international political and economic relations with its foreign
partners, a number of intergovernmental agreements with countries of CIS and
foreign countries were signed. Constant and Trade Representations of the
Republic of Sakha were created in Latvia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, in several
regions of Russian Federation.
There
is almost all the Mendeleev table in Yakutia. Not in vain our ancestry made a
proverb: “Nobody can desolate to bottom the chest of nature…” On the other hand
Mikhail Nikolaev is right saying: “we must extract, produce and sell such
quantity of production, that Yakutian will live in security”. In his work
“Yakutia on the border of centuries” he stresses, that “it is necessary for the
Republic to be directed on European countries, and especially to countries of
Asian and Pacific ocean regions”.
First
Yakutian jewelry plant give its production. In 1992 it gave products for 10
million roubles per day, now is achieved much more high
level. There are things of gold, diamond, silver. Add to this fur, mamont
bone, foal meat, deer meat, wood, coal, gas and so on. Republic of Sakha has
something to offer to foreign customer,, and it can support our cultural
connections, which have deep tradition, is coming of delegation of 47 people
from brother-town Muroyama (Japan), the delegation carried out a number of
important appointment, including appointment with the head of Yakutsk Alexey
Tomtosov, rector of the university Vasily Philipov and others. Delegations from
Austria, Great Britain, China, the USA and other countries desire visitors us.
ECONOMIC RELATIONS
But
distinct character of our present connections must be mutually beneficial
economical relations. The Republic has worked out 22 state and complex
programmes of development, including almost all spheres of life and activity of
population, and branches of economy and culture. Each of them requires large
investments and provides their realization with taking part of other foreign
firms, companies and countries. Change of Republican economy character (from
extracting industry to processing one is planned by foreign firms.
There
are first signs of such cooperation. Austrian firms have built Medical center
and non-alcohol squashes plant in Yakutsk. Swatzer MABETEXGRUPP, having
built milk plant has built House of Maternity and childhood protection.
Canadian builders have “Canadian village” of 37 cottages with autonomous
provision for talented children of the Republic. State company of Foreign Trade
SAKHAVNESHOPTTORG was established in the Republic, president of the Company is
Andrew Popov. Having special divisions, SAKHAVNESHOPTTORG imports wood
processing equipment, machines and tools for building, technological conveyers
on processing of meat, fish, milk, newest medical technique and medicines,
leading medical technology, transport. means, clothes and shoes for all
seasons, food and other goods.
Export
division is standing on its feet, too. SAKHAVNESHOPTTORG does operates on a
number of main positions. They export to external market large sawing wood,
timber, sawing materials, fur: squirrel, ermine, sable, for: production of
deer-breeding: pants (spring horns), broken horns, organs of northern deer,
energetic coal and so on. Having such firms as SAKHABULT, SAKHALES, SAKHAAS,
YAKUTALMAS, YAKUTUGOL and other, our Republic will consolidate economical,
trade and cultural connections with other countries.
Many
positive developments in the economy and culture of the region are justifiably
linked with the name of the first President of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia),
Mikhail Nikolaev. The stable situation in the Republic, the mutual
understanding and co-operation with the leadership and regions of Russia, with
the countries of the CIS and the “far abroad” – owe much to him. In December
1993 he was elected deputy to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation.
The President of Russia, Boris Yeltsin, rated highly Mikhail Nikolaev as
President of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).
MIKHAIL NIKOLAEV
On
20 December 1991 Mikhail Nikolaev was elected the president of the Republic of
Sakha (Yakutia). In his remarks to the citizens of the Republic on the third
anniversary of the declaration of sovereignty of the Republic he stressed that
“the constructive policies of the Republic of Sakha for solving its internal
problems and also for its relations with the Russian Federation are attracting
the attention of the Federation’s subjects and raise the authority of the
Republic inside as well as outside of it borders…”
During
two years since the December 1991 elections Yakutians have been able to satisfy
themselves that the political goals of the Republic are achieving at ensuring
the well-being of the people and welfare safety net for the population at a
difficult stage in the development of market economy. These policies have as
their fundamental goal the rebirth of the multinational people of the republic
and the strengthening of the centuries old traditional ties with Russia.
Elected
by all the people, the first President of the Republic of Sakha, Mikhail Nikolaev,
has become the acknowledged leader of the peoples of Yakutia through his
practical efforts for the good of the northern peoples. Many things have been
achieved. Chief among them – the shaping and strengthening of the Republic of
Sakha as a sovereign state within Russia, the signing the Federal Agreement,
signing of the agreement on economic co-operation with the Russian Federation,
as a result of which the Republic received the right to dispose of 20 per cent
of gem-grade diamonds, 100 per cent of industrial diamonds, 12 per cent of gold
and other resources. An agreement has been signed clarifying the status of
state property, belonging both to the Republic of Sakha and to the Russian
Federation, and providing for the creation of budget tax levies. The Republic
of Sakha has adopted the Constitution. With the active support of the
president, the foundations were being set for the development of production
capacity, 950 enterprises have been put on a new management basis, more than
2.700 farms have been established, diamond cutting was being developed, as well
as other processing industries.
THE CONCLUSION
Today,
the Republic of Sakha has its own constitution and its own president. Sakha has
embarked on the path of sovereign, equal and independent development. It
follows that, from now, it will find its own solutions to social, economic and
cultural problems. It offers to co-operate with other peoples on the basis of
equal relations in trade, science, politics and culture. Its freedom, newly
won, will enable the potential of the Sakha people as a whole, and of each
individual, to flower fully. Like the culture of other nation, the culture of
Sakha brings its own special contribution to world culture. The granite
monument in Moscow to Aleksey Kulakovsky, founder of Yakut literature, is
testimony to this.
There
are many differences between our nations. But there are many common things,
too. Every morning sun rise in the East, its rays illuminate snow ridges of
Yakutia, reflecting in waves of its full-watered reverse, and roaming in
unlimited taiga, these rays carry their light and warmness to the West. We are
one of the nations in the planet, who meet sun first of all people. We meet sun
with hope of peace, harmony and kind human relations.
The used literature:
1. State Company of External Trade SAKHAVNESHOPTTRG Instituted
by Decree of Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) President from 21.07.92.
2. Yakutia
- Russia: 370 years together. NKI “Bichik” Republic
of Sakha (Yakutia), 2002.
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