Другое : Интонация
Интонация
Интонация
Работу подготовила Леонова Наталья
РГГУ, кафедра теоретической и прикладной лингвистики
Москва, 2005 г.
Intonation is the music of the
language. In English, we use tone to signal emotion, questioning, and parts of
the sentence among many other things. It's important to recognize the meaning
behind the tones used in everyday speech, and to be able to use them so that
there are no misunderstandings between the speaker and the listener. It is
generally true that mistakes in pronunciation of sounds can be overlooked, but
mistakes in intonation make a lasting impression.
Intonation has always been a
difficult thing to define. According to traditional descriptions, intonation is
«the melody of speech», and is to be analysed in terms of variations in pitch.
Intonation is said to indicate the attitudes and emotions of the speaker, so
that a sentence like 'I think it's time to go now' can be said in a happy way,
a sad way, an angry way, and so on. While this is certainly true, there is
clearly more than just pitch variation involved in conveying such things, so
the definition of intonation becomes considerably more complicated. It is clear
that when we are expressing emotions, we also use different voice qualities,
different speaking rates, facial expressions, gestures, and so on. We must
indicate what type of information tye are presenting and how it is structured,
and at the same time we must keep our listeners' attention and their
participation in the exchange of information. Communicative interaction would
be much more difficult without intonation: think how many misunderstandings
between people arise in the exchange of e-mail messages, where intonation cannot
play a role.
In In English, as in many other
languages, pitch is an important component of accentuation, or prominence, both
at the level of individual words and at the level of longer utterances. In
general, we distinguish between pitches which are relatively steady-state, i.e.
which do not change level perceptibly, and those which change by stepping or
sliding up or down to another pitch level, as illustrated in the figure below.
English intonation characteristically slides or transitions gradually from one
pitch level to the next rather than stepping up or down abruptly from one pitch
level to the next. Thus, English intonation is best represented by
"humps" and "waves" rather than by "angles" and
"steps".
Sliding
contour Stepping contour
If we look at a typical example, we
would expect a falling pitch pattern on a statement like this:
You
are from London
but a rising pitch pattern if the
same words are used as a question:
You
are from London?
Other examples of meaning being
changed by differences in intonation are - the difference between
She won`t go out with anyone
and
She won`t go out with anyone
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